Hindu shelf · Shruti · Vedānta
Upanishadsउपनिषद् · The Upanishads
The Upanishads close each Veda with its teaching on the Self (ātman) and the absolute (brahman): the questions of the pupil, the answers of the teacher, and the great sayings such as “Thou art that”. Here are the twelve principal Upanishads that F. Max Müller translated, each section shown with the Sanskrit beside his English.
Public domain. Müller’s translation was published in 1879 and 1884; Müller died in 1900. The Sanskrit is the ancient text.
By Veda
White Yajurveda (the Veda)
Black Yajurveda (the Veda)
How to read these pages
- Each section is paired as a whole, Sanskrit beside English, in the divisions both texts use (khaṇḍa, vallī, anuvāka, brāhmaṇa).
- Müller numbers the sentences within each section; the Sanskrit ends each with ॥n॥.
- Müller’s spellings (for example Khândogya for Chāndogya) are kept in his English; the page titles use the usual modern spelling.
Not here yet
- Māṇḍūkya Upanishad: Müller did not translate it, and no clean e-text of a public-domain English translation published by 1929 is available yet.